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(currently) popular

  • 1 cultura popular

    f.
    folkways, folklore.
    * * *
    (n.) = popular culture, pop culture, public culture
    Ex. Their work constitutes a new art movement, drawing on, and straddling divisions between, pop art, performing arts, popular culture, and fashion.
    Ex. Some pop culture may be creative enough to warrant serious consideration on quality grounds.
    Ex. Libraries as vital institutions of public culture are currently facing a crisis cum challenge.
    * * *
    (n.) = popular culture, pop culture, public culture

    Ex: Their work constitutes a new art movement, drawing on, and straddling divisions between, pop art, performing arts, popular culture, and fashion.

    Ex: Some pop culture may be creative enough to warrant serious consideration on quality grounds.
    Ex: Libraries as vital institutions of public culture are currently facing a crisis cum challenge.

    Spanish-English dictionary > cultura popular

  • 2 probably the most popular method currently is based on the premise that ...

      • возможно, самый распространенный метод на сегодняшний день основывается на предпосылке...

    English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > probably the most popular method currently is based on the premise that ...

  • 3 atentamente

    adv.
    1 attentively.
    mire atentamente watch carefully
    2 Yours (sincerely/faithfully).
    3 heedfully.
    intj.
    best regards, very truly yours, yours truly, cordially yours.
    * * *
    1 attentively, carefully
    2 (amablemente) politely; (en carta) sincerely, faithfully
    ■ 'Le saluda atentamente' "Yours sincerely", "Yours faithfully"
    * * *
    adv.
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=con atención) [escuchar, observar] attentively; [leer] carefully
    2) (=cortésmente)

    le saluda atentamente — [en cartas formales] yours faithfully, yours sincerely, sincerely yours (EEUU)

    ATENTAMENTE Para traducir atentamente o le saluda atentamente al inglés británico hay que tener en cuenta la diferencia de uso entre Yours sincerely y Yours faithfully: ► Se traduce por Yours sincerely cuando hemos empezado la carta con Dear Mr/ Mrs Brown, es decir, conocemos al destinatario y le queremos dar un tratamiento más cordial. ► Se traduce por Yours faithfully cuando no conocemos al destinatario de la carta y hemos empezado escribiendo Dear Sir, Dear Sirs o Dear Sir or Madam. ► En inglés americano se usa Sincerely yours en ambos casos. Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    a) <escuchar/mirar> attentively, carefully
    b) ( amablemente) thoughtfully, kindly

    lo saluda atentamente — (Corresp) sincerely (AmE), yours faithfully/sincerely (BrE)

    * * *
    = closely, thoughtfully, attentively.
    Ex. Watch closely as the tag number is entered.
    Ex. Simenon may be read by many people for amusement only, but if we read him thoughtfully he shows us a variety of insights into the kind of crises that push people into criminal acts.
    Ex. The author encourages the reference librarian to listen attentively to children's questions, to be familiar with local school curricula and with currently popular television programmes, films and electronic games.
    ----
    * observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.
    * vigilar atentamente = keep + a watchful eye.
    * * *
    a) <escuchar/mirar> attentively, carefully
    b) ( amablemente) thoughtfully, kindly

    lo saluda atentamente — (Corresp) sincerely (AmE), yours faithfully/sincerely (BrE)

    * * *
    = closely, thoughtfully, attentively.

    Ex: Watch closely as the tag number is entered.

    Ex: Simenon may be read by many people for amusement only, but if we read him thoughtfully he shows us a variety of insights into the kind of crises that push people into criminal acts.
    Ex: The author encourages the reference librarian to listen attentively to children's questions, to be familiar with local school curricula and with currently popular television programmes, films and electronic games.
    * observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.
    * vigilar atentamente = keep + a watchful eye.

    * * *
    1 ‹escuchar/mirar› attentively, carefully
    2 (amablemente) thoughtfully, kindly
    lo saluda atentamente ( Corresp) sincerely yours ( AmE), sincerely ( AmE), yours faithfully/sincerely ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    atentamente    
    atte.
    atentamente adverbio
    a) ‹escuchar/mirar› attentively, carefully


    ◊ lo saluda atentamente (Corresp) sincerely (AmE), yours faithfully/sincerely (BrE)

    atte. (Corresp) (
    ◊ atentamente): lo saluda atentamente sincerely yours (AmE), yours sincerely/faithfully (BrE)

    atentamente adv (en carta) yours sincerely o faithfully

    ' atentamente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fijamente
    - mirar
    - saludar
    - atte.
    - particular
    English:
    faithfully
    - intently
    - sincerely
    - truly
    - yours
    - chart
    - hard
    * * *
    1. [con atención, cortesía] attentively;
    mire atentamente watch carefully
    2. [en cartas]
    (se despide) atentamente [si se desconoce el nombre del destinatario] yours faithfully;
    [si se conoce el nombre del destinatario] Yours sincerely
    * * *
    adv
    1 attentively
    2 en carta sincerely, Yours truly, Br
    Yours sincerely
    * * *
    1) : attentively, carefully
    2) (used in correspondence) : sincerely, sincerely yours
    * * *
    atentamente adv (en cartas) Yours sincerely / Yours faithfully

    Spanish-English dictionary > atentamente

  • 4 con atención

    Ex. The author encourages the reference librarian to listen attentively to children's questions, to be familiar with local school curricula and with currently popular television programmes, films and electronic games.
    * * *

    Ex: The author encourages the reference librarian to listen attentively to children's questions, to be familiar with local school curricula and with currently popular television programmes, films and electronic games.

    Spanish-English dictionary > con atención

  • 5 mode

    I.
    mode1 [mɔd]
    1. feminine noun
    • c'est passé de mode [vêtement] it's gone out of fashion ; [pratique] it's outdated
    2. invariable adjective
    II.
    mode2 [mɔd]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = moyen) mode
    • quel est le mode d'action de ce médicament ? how does this medicine work?
    ► mode d'emploi directions for use ; ( = document) instructions leaflet
    * * *

    I mɔd
    nom masculin
    1) ( façon) way, mode
    2) Linguistique mood
    3) Musique, Informatique, Philosophie mode
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    II mɔd
    1) (en matière d'habillement, d'idées) fashion

    à la mode — [vêtement, restaurant, style] fashionable; [romancier] who is in vogue (épith, après n); [chanteur] popular

    être à la mode — [vêtement, style] to be in fashion

    2) ( secteur d'activité) fashion industry
    * * *
    mɔd
    1. nf
    1) (= tendance) fashion

    à la mode — fashionable, in fashion

    2) (= industrie) fashion trade, fashion industry
    2. nm
    1) (= manière) mode

    mode de faire — way of going about things, way of doing things

    2) LINGUISTIQUE mood
    3) INFORMATIQUE mode

    mode dialogué — interactive mode, conversational mode

    4) MUSIQUE mode
    * * *
    A nm
    1 ( façon) way, mode; mode de pensée/vie way of thinking/life; mode de gouvernement mode of government; mode de transport mode of transport GB ou transportation US; mode de paiement method of payment; le mode de fonctionnement de qch the way sth operates; traiter le sujet sur le mode comique/poétique to treat the subject in a comic/poetic vein;
    2 Ling mood;
    3 Mus, Ordinat, Philos mode.
    B nf
    1 (en matière d'habillement, d'idées) fashion; c'est la mode it's the fashion; c'est une mode it's a trend; lancer une mode to start a trend; une mode passagère a fad; c'est passé de mode it's gone out of fashion; elle suit/ne suit pas la mode she follows/ignores fashion; s'habiller à la dernière mode to wear the latest fashions; la mode des cheveux longs/mini-jupes the fashion for long hair/mini-skirts; la mode est aux cheveux courts short hair is in fashion; c'était une mode it was fashionable; mode masculine/féminine men's/women's fashion; coupe/coloris mode fashionable cut/colourGB; à la mode ( qui fait la mode) [vêtement, style] fashionable, in fashion; [thème, personnage] in fashion; ( qui suit la mode) [vêtement, personne] fashionable; [jeune] fashionable, trendy; ( populaire) [romancier] who is in vogue ( épith, après n); [chanteur] popular; c'est très à la mode d'être végétarien it's very fashionable to be a vegetarian; la mode est à la cuisine végétarienne vegetarian cooking is all the rage ou is in fashion;
    2 ( secteur d'activité) fashion industry; travailler dans la mode to work in the fashion industry ou business; présentation de mode fashion show.
    mode dialogué Ordinat conversational mode; mode d'emploi ( de machine) instructions (pl) ou directions (pl) for use; ( de plat cuisiné) cooking instructions (pl).
    I
    [mɔd] nom féminin
    1. [vêtement]
    la mode (de) printemps/(d')hiver the spring/winter fashion
    la mode courte/longue (fashion for) high/low hemlines
    c'est passé de mode it's out of fashion, it's no longer fashionable
    2. [activité]
    a. [généralement] the fashion industry ou business
    b. [stylisme] fashion designing
    3. [goût du jour] fashion
    ————————
    [mɔd] adjectif invariable
    [coloris, coupe] fashion (modificateur), fashionable
    ————————
    à la mode locution adjectivale
    [vêtement] fashionable, in fashion
    [personne, sport] fashionable
    ————————
    à la mode locution adverbiale
    à la mode de locution prépositionnelle
    1. [suivant l'usage de] in the fashion of
    II
    [mɔd] nom masculin
    1. [méthode]
    a. [méthode] mode ou method of
    b. [manière personnelle] way of
    mode d'action form ou mode of action
    mode d'emploi directions ou instructions for use
    mode de paiement mode ou method of payment
    a. [généralement] life style
    mode autonome ou local ou hors ligne off-line mode
    4. MATHÉMATIQUES & MUSIQUE & PHILOSOPHIE mode

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mode

  • 6 EUROPE 1

       Popular private commerical radio station, currently specialising in news and talk. Originally set up in 1955 as a private radio broadcasting from the Saarland (Germany), at a time when broadcasting in France was a state monopoly, the station was soon brought under indirect government control when the Sofirad company took a controlling stake; but Europe 1 retained a degree of editorial independence that the official state broadcasters did not have. Today Europe 1 is again a private broadcaster, now controlled by the Lagardère group. In 2007, its pop music partner station Europe 2 was renamed Virgin Radio, under a franchise agreement with the Virgin group.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > EUROPE 1

  • 7 actualidad

    f.
    1 current situation (momento presente).
    la actualidad política the current political situation
    cuentan en la actualidad con un millón de socios they currently have a million members
    estas piezas en la actualidad se fabrican en serie these parts are mass-produced nowadays
    2 topicality.
    estar de actualidad to be topical
    una noticia de rabiosa actualidad an extremely topical news item
    temas de actualidad current affairs
    3 news (noticia).
    la actualidad deportiva the sports news
    ser actualidad to be making the news
    4 relevance to modern society (vigencia).
    sus libros siguen teniendo gran actualidad her books are still very relevant today
    5 present time.
    6 up-to-dateness, modernity, currency, currentness.
    7 factualness, reality, factuality.
    * * *
    1 present (time)
    2 (hechos) current affairs plural; (estado) the current state of things
    \
    en la actualidad at present
    estar de actualidad to be fashionable
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) current affairs, news
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1)

    • en la actualidad — (=hoy día) nowadays; (=en este momento) currently, at present, presently (EEUU)

    hay en la actualidad más de dos millones de parados — there are currently over two million unemployed, there are over two million unemployed at present

    2) (=cualidad)

    • de actualidad — [noticia, tema] topical; [modelo, diseño] up-to-date, up-to-the-minute

    • poner algo de actualidad — to focus attention on sth

    3) (Periodismo)

    • la actualidad — (=asuntos) current affairs pl ; (=noticias) news, current news

    4) pl actualidades [en periódico] current affairs; [en cine] newsreel sing
    * * *

    en la actualidad — currently, at present

    b) ( situación actual) current situation

    con toda la actualidad informativa — (period) with the latest news

    c) (de tema, noticia) topicality

    las noticias de actualidad — today's (o this week's etc) news

    un tema de palpitante or candente actualidad — (period) a highly topical subject

    d) actualidades femenino plural (Period) current affairs (pl)
    * * *
    = present day, the, recency, timeliness, up-to-dateness, topicality.
    Ex. Despite what amounts to undercutting by direct sale publishers calling themselves 'book clubs', the British net book agreement has remained in force until the present day.
    Ex. The four were: accuracy, content (the breadth or scope), recency (up-to-dateness) and frequency of presentation.
    Ex. Factors assessed during the comparative study included pricing, timeliness, availability of catalogue copy, and breadth of coverage.
    Ex. Up-to-dateness is particularly vital since recent and current information is in heaviest usage.
    Ex. This year, the event is gaining topicality because of the EU enlargement.
    ----
    * actualidad del contenido = currency.
    * asunto de actualidad = current issue.
    * de actualidad = topical.
    * de plena actualidad = hot [hotter -comp., hottest -sup.].
    * desde entonces hasta la actualidad = from then to the present day.
    * en la actualidad = at present, nowadays, presently, today, modern-day, now, these days, at the present time, at the present, in present times, at present time, in modern times, in this day and age, currently.
    * falta de actualidad = datedness.
    * hasta la actualidad = to date, up to now, so far.
    * noticias de actualidad = current events, current news events, current news.
    * revista de actualidad = popular magazine, house magazine, entertainment magazine.
    * tema de actualidad = topical theme, current issue, hot topic.
    * temas de actualidad = current affairs.
    * * *

    en la actualidad — currently, at present

    b) ( situación actual) current situation

    con toda la actualidad informativa — (period) with the latest news

    c) (de tema, noticia) topicality

    las noticias de actualidad — today's (o this week's etc) news

    un tema de palpitante or candente actualidad — (period) a highly topical subject

    d) actualidades femenino plural (Period) current affairs (pl)
    * * *
    = present day, the, recency, timeliness, up-to-dateness, topicality.

    Ex: Despite what amounts to undercutting by direct sale publishers calling themselves 'book clubs', the British net book agreement has remained in force until the present day.

    Ex: The four were: accuracy, content (the breadth or scope), recency (up-to-dateness) and frequency of presentation.
    Ex: Factors assessed during the comparative study included pricing, timeliness, availability of catalogue copy, and breadth of coverage.
    Ex: Up-to-dateness is particularly vital since recent and current information is in heaviest usage.
    Ex: This year, the event is gaining topicality because of the EU enlargement.
    * actualidad del contenido = currency.
    * asunto de actualidad = current issue.
    * de actualidad = topical.
    * de plena actualidad = hot [hotter -comp., hottest -sup.].
    * desde entonces hasta la actualidad = from then to the present day.
    * en la actualidad = at present, nowadays, presently, today, modern-day, now, these days, at the present time, at the present, in present times, at present time, in modern times, in this day and age, currently.
    * falta de actualidad = datedness.
    * hasta la actualidad = to date, up to now, so far.
    * noticias de actualidad = current events, current news events, current news.
    * revista de actualidad = popular magazine, house magazine, entertainment magazine.
    * tema de actualidad = topical theme, current issue, hot topic.
    * temas de actualidad = current affairs.

    * * *
    1
    (tiempo presente): profesionales que están en la actualidad exiliados professional people who are currently o at present o presently in exile
    no se sigue haciendo así en la actualidad nowadays o today it is no longer done that way
    2
    ( period): la actualidad (sucesos actuales) current events, current affairs; (situación actual) current situation
    la actualidad cubana the current situation in Cuba
    la actualidad informativa está centrada en los siguientes temas the main points of today's news ( o this evening's news etc) are as follows
    3 (de un tema, una noticia) topicality
    las noticias de actualidad today's ( o this week's etc) news
    un tema de palpitante or candente actualidad ( period); a highly topical subject, a subject that is on everyone's lips
    4 actualidades fpl ( Period) current affairs (pl)
    * * *

     

    actualidad sustantivo femenino


    la actualidad cubana the current situation in Cuba
    b) (de tema, noticia) topicality;

    ◊ las noticias de actualidad today's (o this week's etc) news;

    un tema de actualidad (period) a topical subject;
    sucesos de actualidad current affairs
    actualidad sustantivo femenino
    1 present time: en la actualidad somos más altos, nowadays we are taller
    2 (moda) fashion: esa novela está de actualidad, that novel is fashionable
    3 (acontencimientos presentes) current affairs pl: sólo habla de temas de actualidad, she only talks about current issues
    4 (vigencia) relevance
    ' actualidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    candelero
    - historia
    - hoy
    - pasada
    - pasado
    - primar
    - rabiosa
    - rabioso
    - sellar
    English:
    current affairs
    - topical
    - current
    - dated
    - hot
    * * *
    1. [momento presente] current situation;
    la actualidad política the current political situation;
    cuentan en la actualidad con más de un millón de socios they currently have more than a million members;
    estas piezas en la actualidad se fabrican en serie these parts are mass-produced nowadays
    2. [de asunto, noticia] topicality;
    una noticia de rabiosa actualidad an extremely topical news item;
    estar de actualidad [ser de interés] to be topical;
    poner algo de actualidad to make sth topical;
    una revista de actualidad a current affairs magazine
    3. [noticia] news [singular];
    la actualidad deportiva the sports news;
    ser actualidad to be making the news
    4. [vigencia] relevance to modern society;
    sus libros siguen teniendo gran actualidad her books are still very relevant today;
    una obra de teatro que no ha perdido actualidad a play which is still relevant today
    * * *
    f
    1 current situation;
    en la actualidad at present, presently; ( hoy en día) nowadays
    2
    :
    de gran actualidad very topical
    3
    :
    actualidades pl current affairs
    * * *
    1) : present time
    en la actualidad: at present
    2) actualidades nfpl
    : current affairs
    * * *
    2. (noticias) news

    Spanish-English dictionary > actualidad

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 Kurs

    m; -es, -e
    1. FIN. price; (Notierung) quotation; von Devisen: exchange rate; der Kurs des Euro the euro exchange rate; zum Kurs von at the rate of; hoch im Kurs stehen be at a premium; fig. rate highly ( bei with); in Kurs setzen circulate; außer Kurs setzen take out of circulation; außer Kurs kommen fig. lose its popularity; fallende / steigende / nachgebende Kurse falling / rising / softening prices
    2. NAUT., FLUG. course; (Radarkurs) track; (Strecke) route; fig., POL. course, line, policy; Kurs halten stay on course; vom Kurs abweichen go off course; Kurs nehmen auf (+ Akk) head for (auch fig.); einen neuen / härteren Kurs einschlagen fig. take a new / harder line
    3. SPORT, FÜR RAD-, AUTORENNEN, Skirennen etc.: course; der anspruchsvolle Kurs wurde vom Schweizer Trainer gesteckt the demanding course was set by the Swiss coach
    4. (Lehrgang) course; (die Teilnehmer) course participants; der ganze Kurs all those on the course; Kursus
    * * *
    der Kurs
    (Aktienkurs) price;
    (Lehrgang) lessons; course; class;
    (Richtung) course;
    (Wechselkurs) rate of exchange; exchange rate; rate
    * * *
    Kụrs [kʊrs]
    m -es, -e
    [-zə]
    1) (NAUT, AVIAT fig) course; (POL = Richtung) line, course

    den Kurs halten — to hold (the) course

    vom Kurs abkommen — to deviate from one's/its course

    Kurs nehmen auf (+acc) — to set course for, to head for

    auf (südwestlichem) Kurs sein — to be on (a southwesterly) course

    Kurs haben auf (+acc) — to be heading for

    harter/weicher Kurs (Pol) — hard/soft line

    den Kurs ändern (lit, fig) — to change or alter( one's) course

    einen neuen Kurs einschlagen (lit, fig) — to go in a new direction, to follow a new course

    jdn/etw wieder auf Kurs bringen (fig) — to bring sb/sth back on course

    2) (FIN) (= Wechselkurs) rate of exchange, exchange rate; (= Börsenkurs, Aktienkurs) price, (going) rate; (= Marktpreis) market value or price, going rate

    zum Kurs von — at the rate of

    die Kurse fallen/steigen — prices or rates are falling/rising

    hoch im Kurs stehen (Aktien) — to be high; (fig) to be popular (bei with)

    3) (= Lehrgang) course (
    in +dat, für in)

    einen Kurs belegen — to do a course

    * * *
    der
    1) (a series (of lectures, medicines etc): I'm taking a course (of lectures) in sociology; He's having a course of treatment for his leg.) course
    2) (a direction or course: After they moved, their lives took a different tack.) tack
    * * *
    Kurs1
    <-es, -e>
    [kʊrs, pl ˈkʊrzə]
    m
    1. LUFT, NAUT (Richtung) course
    jdn/etw vom \Kurs abbringen to put sb/sth off course
    der Sturm hat uns um drei Grad vom \Kurs abgebracht the storm has put us off course by three degrees
    vom \Kurs abkommen to deviate from one's/its course
    den/seinen \Kurs beibehalten [o halten] to maintain [one's] course
    auf bestimmten \Kurs gehen to set a certain course
    wenn wir auf südsüdöstlichen \Kurs gehen, müssten wir die Insel in drei Tagen erreichen if we set a sou'-sou'-easterly course we should reach the island in three days
    \Kurs auf etw akk haben to be heading for sth
    \Kurs auf etw akk nehmen to set course for sth
    einen [bestimmten] \Kurs steuern to steer a certain course
    es war nicht mehr feststellbar, welchen \Kurs das Schiff steuerte it was no longer possible to determine which course the ship was steering
    den \Kurs wechseln to change course
    2. (Zielsetzung) course
    jdn vom \Kurs abbringen to throw sb off course
    den/seinen \Kurs beibehalten to maintain [one's] course
    jdn auf \Kurs bringen to bring sb into line
    ihre Kollegen werden sie schon auf \Kurs bringen their colleagues will bring them into line
    einen bestimmten \Kurs einschlagen to take a certain course; (politische Linie) policy, course
    harter/weicher \Kurs hard/soft line
    3. (Wechselkurs) exchange rate
    der \Kurs Dollar zu Euro steht im Moment bei eins zu... the exchange rate between the dollar and the euro is currently...
    zu einem bestimmten \Kurs at a certain rate
    Schwarzhändler tauschen dir den Euro zu einem günstigen \Kurs you'll get a favourable rate for your euros on the black market
    etw außer \Kurs setzen to take sth out of circulation
    Zahlungsmittel, die außer \Kurs gesetzt wurden, sind nicht länger gültig currency taken out of circulation is no longer valid
    die Maßnahmen der Bundesbank haben die \Kurse einiger Aktien gestärkt measures taken by the Bundesbank have strengthened the price of some shares
    der \Kurs pendelte sich bei Euro 120 ein the market was settling down at 120 euros
    zum gegenwärtigen \Kurs at the current rate [or price]
    multipler \Kurs multiple exchange rate
    hoch im \Kurs stehen ÖKON to be in great demand; BÖRSE to be high up; (fig) to be very popular, to be at a high rate
    antike Vasen stehen derzeit hoch im \Kurs antique vases are currently very popular
    etw an einen \Kurs binden to peg the price of sth
    den \Kurs drücken to depress the market
    im \Kurs fallen to fall [or drop] in price
    die Aktien der Schlüter AG sind letztens etwas im \Kurs gefallen Schlüter AG shares have fallen somewhat recently
    den \Kurs festsetzen to fix a price
    den \Kurs hinauftreiben to push up the price
    den \Kurs schwächen/stützen to weaken/peg the market
    Kurs2
    <-es, -e>
    [kʊrs, pl ˈkʊrzə]
    m (Lehrgang) course, class
    einen \Kurs [in etw dat] besuchen to attend a course [in sth]
    * * *
    der; Kurses, Kurse
    1) (Richtung) course

    auf [nördlichen] Kurs gehen — set [a northerly] course

    ein harter/weicher Kurs — (fig.) a hard/soft line

    den Kurs ändern/halten — (auch fig.) change or alter/hold or maintain course

    Kurs auf Hamburg (Akk.) nehmen — set course for or head for Hamburg

    2) (von Wertpapieren) price; (von Devisen) rate of exchange; exchange rate

    zum Kurs von... — at a rate of...

    hoch im Kurs stehen — < securities> be high; (fig.) be very popular ( bei with)

    3) (Lehrgang) course

    ein Kurs in Spanisch — (Dat.) a course in Spanish; a Spanish course

    4) (die Teilnehmer eines Kurses) class
    5) (Sport): (Rennstrecke) course
    * * *
    Kurs m; -es, -e
    1. FIN price; (Notierung) quotation; von Devisen: exchange rate;
    der Kurs des Euro the euro exchange rate;
    zum Kurs von at the rate of;
    hoch im Kurs stehen be at a premium; fig rate highly (
    bei with);
    in Kurs setzen circulate;
    außer Kurs setzen take out of circulation;
    außer Kurs kommen fig lose its popularity;
    fallende/steigende/nachgebende Kurse falling/rising/softening prices
    2. SCHIFF, FLUG course; (Radarkurs) track; (Strecke) route; fig, POL course, line, policy;
    Kurs halten stay on course;
    vom Kurs abweichen go off course;
    Kurs nehmen auf (+akk) head for (auch fig);
    einen neuen/härteren Kurs einschlagen fig take a new/harder line
    3. SPORT, für Rad-, Autorennen, Skirennen etc: course;
    der anspruchsvolle Kurs wurde vom Schweizer Trainer gesteckt the demanding course was set by the Swiss coach
    4. (Lehrgang) course; (die Teilnehmer) course participants;
    der ganze Kurs all those on the course; → Kursus
    * * *
    der; Kurses, Kurse
    1) (Richtung) course

    auf [nördlichen] Kurs gehen — set [a northerly] course

    ein harter/weicher Kurs — (fig.) a hard/soft line

    den Kurs ändern/halten — (auch fig.) change or alter/hold or maintain course

    Kurs auf Hamburg (Akk.) nehmen — set course for or head for Hamburg

    2) (von Wertpapieren) price; (von Devisen) rate of exchange; exchange rate

    zum Kurs von... — at a rate of...

    hoch im Kurs stehen — < securities> be high; (fig.) be very popular ( bei with)

    3) (Lehrgang) course

    ein Kurs in Spanisch — (Dat.) a course in Spanish; a Spanish course

    * * *
    -e (Aktien...) m.
    price n.
    quotation n.
    rate n. -e (Aktien) m.
    price (stocks) n.
    quotation (stocks) n.
    rate (stocks) n. -e (Verkehr) m.
    course n.
    line n. -e m.
    class n.
    (§ pl.: classes)
    course n.
    exchange rate n.
    rate (of exchange) n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kurs

  • 10 current

    1. adjective
    1) (in general circulation or use) kursierend, umlaufend [Geld, Geschichte, Gerücht]; verbreitet [Meinung]; gebräuchlich [Wort]; gängig [Redensart]
    2) laufend [Jahr, Monat]

    in the current year — in diesem Jahr

    3) (belonging to the present time) aktuell [Ereignis, Mode]; Tages[politik, -preis]; gegenwärtig [Krise, Aufregung]

    current issue/edition — letzte Ausgabe/neueste Auflage

    current affairs — Tagespolitik, die; aktuelle Fragen

    2. noun
    1) (of water, air) Strömung, die

    air/ocean current — Luft-/Meeresströmung, die

    swim against/with the current — gegen den/mit dem Strom schwimmen

    2) (Electr.) Strom, der; (intensity) Stromstärke, die
    3) (running stream) Strömung, die
    4) (tendency of events, opinions, etc.) Tendenz, die; Trend, der
    * * *
    1. adjective
    (of or belonging to the present: current affairs; the current month; the current temperature.) gegenwärtig
    2. noun
    1) ((the direction of) a stream of water or air: the current of a river.) die Strömung
    2) ((a) flow of electricity: an electrical current.) der Strom
    •
    - academic.ru/17914/currently">currently
    - current account
    * * *
    cur·rent
    [ˈkʌrənt, AM ˈkɜ:r-]
    I. adj jetzig, gegenwärtig; periodical aktuell
    \current assets ECON Umlaufvermögen nt
    to dress according to the \current fashion sich akk modisch kleiden
    the \current issue die letzte [o aktuelle] Ausgabe
    \current liabilities ECON laufende Verbindlichkeiten
    in \current use gebräuchlich
    the \current vogue die aktuelle [o herrschende] Mode
    the \current year dieses Jahr
    the \current yield der derzeitige Ertrag
    II. n
    1. (of air, water) Strömung f
    \current of air Luftströmung f
    ocean \currents Meeresströmungen pl
    to swim against/with the \current gegen/mit dem Strom schwimmen a. fig
    2. ELEC Strom m
    3. ( fig: tendency) Tendenz f, Trend m
    the \current of events der Strom der Ereignisse
    \current of fashion Modetrend m
    the \current of opinion der Meinungstrend
    to drift [or go] [or swim] with the \current mit dem Strom schwimmen
    * * *
    ['kʌrənt]
    1. adj
    (= present) augenblicklich, gegenwärtig; policy, price aktuell; research, month, week laufend; edition letzte(r, s); (= prevalent) opinion verbreitet; spelling, word gebräuchlich

    to be no longer current — nicht mehr aktuell sein; (coins) nicht mehr in Umlauf sein

    a current rumour — ein Gerücht, das zurzeit in Umlauf ist

    current affairs — Tagespolitik f, aktuelle Fragen pl, Aktuelle(s) nt

    2. n
    1) (of water) Strömung f, Strom m; (of air) Luftströmung f, Luftstrom m

    with/against the current — mit dem/gegen den Strom

    air/ocean current — Luft-/Meeresströmung f or -strom m

    2) (ELEC) Strom m
    3) (fig of events, opinions etc) Tendenz f, Trend m

    to go against the current of popular opinion — gegen den Strom or die Strömung der öffentlichen Meinung anschwimmen

    to go with the current of popular opinion —

    if you try to go against the current of events — wenn Sie versuchen, gegen den Strom der Ereignisse anzuschwimmen

    the current of public feeling is now in favour of/against... — die öffentliche Meinung tendiert zur Befürwortung/Ablehnung von...

    a politician who ignores the current of popular opinion — ein Politiker, der die Tendenz(en) der öffentlichen Meinung or den Trend (in) der öffentlichen Meinung unbeachtet lässt

    * * *
    current [ˈkʌrənt; US ˈkɜr-]
    A adj (adv → currently)
    1. laufend (Jahr, Monat etc):
    current business laufende Geschäfte pl
    2. gegenwärtig, jetzig, augenblicklich, aktuell:
    current events Tagesereignisse, -geschehen n, -politik f;
    current value WIRTSCH gegenwärtiger Marktwert
    3. umlaufend, kursierend (Geld, Gerücht etc):
    be current kursieren, in Umlauf sein
    4. allgemein bekannt oder verbreitet
    5. üblich, geläufig, gebräuchlich:
    not in current use nicht allgemein üblich;
    the word is no longer in current use das Wort wird nicht mehr verwendet
    6. (pass) current allgemein gültig oder anerkannt (sein)
    7. WIRTSCH
    a) (markt)gängig (Ware)
    b) gültig (Geld)
    c) kurs-, verkehrsfähig
    8. obs fließend, flüssig, leicht
    B s
    1. Strömung f, Strom m (beide auch fig):
    against the current gegen den Strom;
    current of air Luftstrom oder -zug m
    2. fig
    a) Trend m, Tendenz f
    b) (Ver)Lauf m, Gang m
    3. ELEK Strom m
    cur. abk
    1. WIRTSCH currency
    p.c. abk WIRTSCH price current ( prices pl current) aktueller Preis (aktuelle Preise pl)
    P/C abk
    1. WIRTSCH petty cash Portokasse f
    2. WIRTSCH price current ( prices pl current) aktueller Preis (aktuelle Preise pl)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (in general circulation or use) kursierend, umlaufend [Geld, Geschichte, Gerücht]; verbreitet [Meinung]; gebräuchlich [Wort]; gängig [Redensart]
    2) laufend [Jahr, Monat]
    3) (belonging to the present time) aktuell [Ereignis, Mode]; Tages[politik, -preis]; gegenwärtig [Krise, Aufregung]

    current issue/edition — letzte Ausgabe/neueste Auflage

    current affairs — Tagespolitik, die; aktuelle Fragen

    2. noun
    1) (of water, air) Strömung, die

    air/ocean current — Luft-/Meeresströmung, die

    swim against/with the current — gegen den/mit dem Strom schwimmen

    2) (Electr.) Strom, der; (intensity) Stromstärke, die
    3) (running stream) Strömung, die
    4) (tendency of events, opinions, etc.) Tendenz, die; Trend, der
    * * *
    adj.
    aktuell adj.
    derzeitig (jetzig) adj.
    gegenwärtig adj.
    geläufig adj.
    gängig adj.
    jetzig adj.
    laufend adj.
    momentan adj. n.
    Lauf -e m.
    Strom ¨-e m.
    Strömung -en f.

    English-german dictionary > current

  • 11 usar

    v.
    1 to use.
    ¿sabes usar esta máquina? do you know how to use this machine?
    sin usar unused
    Antonio usa grapas Anthony uses staples.
    El timador usó a las personas The swindler used the people.
    2 to wear (ropa, lentes, maquillaje).
    estos guantes están sin usar these gloves haven't been worn
    Antonio usa corbata Anthony wears ties.
    * * *
    1 to use
    2 (prenda) to wear
    1 to use (de, -)
    1 (estar de moda) to be used, be in fashion
    \
    de usar y tirar throwaway
    sin usar brand-new
    * * *
    verb
    2) wear
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=utilizar) [+ aparato, transporte, sustancia, expresión] to use

    • usar algo/a algn como — to use sth/sb as

    • de usar y tirar — [envase, producto] disposable

    literatura que algunos llaman de "usar y tirar" — so-called "pulp fiction"

    2) (=llevar) [+ ropa, perfume] to wear

    ¿qué número usa? — what size do you take?

    3) (=soler)
    2.
    VI

    • usar de — [+ derecho, poder] to exercise

    usar del derecho al voto — to exercise one's right to vote, use one's vote

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (emplear, utilizar) to use

    ¿cómo se usa esto? — < máquina> how does this work?; <diccionario/herramienta> how do you use this?

    usar algo/a alguien de or como algo — to use something/somebody as something

    b) <instalaciones/servicio> to use
    c) <producto/combustible> to use
    2) ( llevar) <alhajas/ropa> to wear; < perfume> to use, wear

    estos zapatos están sin usar — these shoes are unworn, these shoes have never been worn

    3) (esp AmL) < persona> to use
    2.
    usar vi
    1) ver abusar 2)
    2) usar de (frml) ( hacer uso de) <influencia/autoridad> to use
    3.
    usarse v pron (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) color/ropa to be in fashion
    * * *
    = adopt, call on/upon, deploy, employ, make + use of, rely on/upon, take, use, utilise [utilize, -USA], draw on/upon, use up, mobilise [mobilize, -USA].
    Ex. The concept of corporate authorship was first formulated in the BM code and has been adopted in all subsequent English language codes.
    Ex. It can only be a matter of time before we have in effect a complete set of MARC records to call on for details of any item we require.
    Ex. The article presents the results of trials in which the model was deployed to classify aspects of the construction industry, such as construction norms and regulations.
    Ex. The size of the collections in which the LCC is currently employed is likely to be a significant factor in its perpetuation.
    Ex. The example search in figure 8.3 shows how the statements in an online search make use of Boolean logic operators.
    Ex. When BNB began publication in 1950 it relied upon the fourteenth edition of DC.
    Ex. A common standard serial interface is the RS232C which takes a 24-pin plug and is commonly used to connect many peripherals including printers and modems.
    Ex. A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.
    Ex. Clearly both tools record controlled indexing languages, but they are utilised in different environments.
    Ex. Bay's essay was produced to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Gesner's birth and draws upon a mass of contemporary source material.
    Ex. Plug-in programs have grown widely, they add functionality to a WWW browser but also use up drive storage space or conflict with other types of programs.
    Ex. It is time for all librarians to change their attitudes and become involved, to seek funds and mobilise civic organisations and businesses in cooperative efforts.
    ----
    * al usarse = in use.
    * aparato para usar Internet = Internet appliance.
    * capaz de usar el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.
    * cuchillo de usar y tirar = disposable knife.
    * de usar y tirar = disposable, throwaway, single-use.
    * fácil de usar = easy-to-use, user friendly.
    * hacer que no se use = render + unused.
    * listo para usar = off-the-rack.
    * listo para usarse = on tap.
    * plato de usar y tirar = disposable plate.
    * que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.
    * seleccionar en pantalla usando el contraste de colores = highlight.
    * servilleta de usar y tirar = disposable napkin.
    * tenedor de usar y tirar = disposable fork.
    * usando = by use of.
    * usando el tiempo de un modo eficaz = time efficient [time-efficient].
    * usar Algo bien = put to + good use.
    * usar Algo con buen provecho = use + Nombre + to good advantage.
    * usar Algo de un modo muy diluido = spread + Nombre + thinly.
    * usar como gasto deducible = write off.
    * usar como modelo = use + as a model.
    * usar con mesura = eke out.
    * usar con precaución = use + with caution.
    * usar de forma general = widely applied.
    * usar de manera general = be in general use.
    * usar de un modo descuidado = bandy (about/around).
    * usar de un modo despreocupado = bandy (about/around).
    * usar eficazmente = tap.
    * usar enchufes = pull + strings.
    * usar en exceso = overuse.
    * usar excesivamente = overuse.
    * usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.
    * usar indistintamente = use + interchangeably.
    * usar mal = abuse, misuse.
    * usarse = be in use.
    * usarse en = be at home in.
    * usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.
    * usar superficialmente = nibble at.
    * úsese = Use.
    * úsese en lugar de (UF) = UF (use for).
    * volver a usar = reuse [re-use].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (emplear, utilizar) to use

    ¿cómo se usa esto? — < máquina> how does this work?; <diccionario/herramienta> how do you use this?

    usar algo/a alguien de or como algo — to use something/somebody as something

    b) <instalaciones/servicio> to use
    c) <producto/combustible> to use
    2) ( llevar) <alhajas/ropa> to wear; < perfume> to use, wear

    estos zapatos están sin usar — these shoes are unworn, these shoes have never been worn

    3) (esp AmL) < persona> to use
    2.
    usar vi
    1) ver abusar 2)
    2) usar de (frml) ( hacer uso de) <influencia/autoridad> to use
    3.
    usarse v pron (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) color/ropa to be in fashion
    * * *
    = adopt, call on/upon, deploy, employ, make + use of, rely on/upon, take, use, utilise [utilize, -USA], draw on/upon, use up, mobilise [mobilize, -USA].

    Ex: The concept of corporate authorship was first formulated in the BM code and has been adopted in all subsequent English language codes.

    Ex: It can only be a matter of time before we have in effect a complete set of MARC records to call on for details of any item we require.
    Ex: The article presents the results of trials in which the model was deployed to classify aspects of the construction industry, such as construction norms and regulations.
    Ex: The size of the collections in which the LCC is currently employed is likely to be a significant factor in its perpetuation.
    Ex: The example search in figure 8.3 shows how the statements in an online search make use of Boolean logic operators.
    Ex: When BNB began publication in 1950 it relied upon the fourteenth edition of DC.
    Ex: A common standard serial interface is the RS232C which takes a 24-pin plug and is commonly used to connect many peripherals including printers and modems.
    Ex: A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.
    Ex: Clearly both tools record controlled indexing languages, but they are utilised in different environments.
    Ex: Bay's essay was produced to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Gesner's birth and draws upon a mass of contemporary source material.
    Ex: Plug-in programs have grown widely, they add functionality to a WWW browser but also use up drive storage space or conflict with other types of programs.
    Ex: It is time for all librarians to change their attitudes and become involved, to seek funds and mobilise civic organisations and businesses in cooperative efforts.
    * al usarse = in use.
    * aparato para usar Internet = Internet appliance.
    * capaz de usar el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.
    * cuchillo de usar y tirar = disposable knife.
    * de usar y tirar = disposable, throwaway, single-use.
    * fácil de usar = easy-to-use, user friendly.
    * hacer que no se use = render + unused.
    * listo para usar = off-the-rack.
    * listo para usarse = on tap.
    * plato de usar y tirar = disposable plate.
    * que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.
    * seleccionar en pantalla usando el contraste de colores = highlight.
    * servilleta de usar y tirar = disposable napkin.
    * tenedor de usar y tirar = disposable fork.
    * usando = by use of.
    * usando el tiempo de un modo eficaz = time efficient [time-efficient].
    * usar Algo bien = put to + good use.
    * usar Algo con buen provecho = use + Nombre + to good advantage.
    * usar Algo de un modo muy diluido = spread + Nombre + thinly.
    * usar como gasto deducible = write off.
    * usar como modelo = use + as a model.
    * usar con mesura = eke out.
    * usar con precaución = use + with caution.
    * usar de forma general = widely applied.
    * usar de manera general = be in general use.
    * usar de un modo descuidado = bandy (about/around).
    * usar de un modo despreocupado = bandy (about/around).
    * usar eficazmente = tap.
    * usar enchufes = pull + strings.
    * usar en exceso = overuse.
    * usar excesivamente = overuse.
    * usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.
    * usar indistintamente = use + interchangeably.
    * usar mal = abuse, misuse.
    * usarse = be in use.
    * usarse en = be at home in.
    * usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.
    * usar superficialmente = nibble at.
    * úsese = Use.
    * úsese en lugar de (UF) = UF (use for).
    * volver a usar = reuse [re-use].

    * * *
    usar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (emplear, utilizar) to use
    ¿cómo se usa esta calculadora? how does this calculator work?
    es una expresión poco usada it's not a very common expression, it's not an expression that's used a lot
    usó mal esa palabra he didn't use the word correctly
    usa preservativos use condoms
    usó toda su diplomacia para convencerlos she used all her tact to convince them
    usar algo/a algn DEor COMO algo to use sth/sb AS sth
    no uses el plato de or como cenicero don't use the plate as an ashtray
    ¿te puedo usar de or como testigo? can I use you as a witness?
    2 ‹instalaciones/servicio› to use
    hay una excelente biblioteca pero nadie la usa there's an excellent library but nobody uses it o nobody makes use of it
    3 (consumir) ‹producto/ingredientes/combustible› to use
    ¿qué champú usas? what shampoo do you use?
    no uses todos los huevos don't use all the eggs (up)
    B (llevar) ‹alhajas/ropa› to wear; ‹perfume› to use, wear
    estos zapatos están sin usar these shoes are unworn, these shoes have never been worn
    C ( esp AmL) (explotar, manipular) ‹persona› to use
    me sentí usada I felt used
    D usar de ( frml) (hacer uso de) ‹influencia/autoridad› to use
    ■ usarse
    ( esp AmL) (estar de moda): el fucsia es el color que más se va a usar esta temporada fuchsia is set to be the most popular color o ( colloq) the in-color this season
    cuando se usaba la maxifalda when long skirts were in fashion
    se usan muchísimo las prendas de cuero leather clothing is very popular
    ya no se usa hacer fiestas de compromiso it's not very common to have an engagement party nowadays
    * * *

     

    usar ( conjugate usar) verbo transitivo

    ◊ ¿qué champú usas? what shampoo do you use?;

    usar algo/a algn de or como algo to use sth/sb as sth
    b) ( llevar) ‹alhajas/ropa/perfume› to wear;


    usarse verbo pronominal (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) [color/ropa] to be in fashion, to be popular;

    usar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (hacer uso, emplear) to use: no uses mi maquinilla, don't use my razor
    siempre usa el mismo método, she uses always the same method
    2 (llevar ropa, perfume, etc) to wear
    II vi (utilizar) to use

    ' usar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alquilar
    - apellido
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bastante
    - bien
    - calor
    - casarse
    - cerrarse
    - como
    - don
    - doña
    - enferma
    - enfermo
    - error
    - fácil
    - fresca
    - fresco
    - fuerza
    - gastar
    - gritar
    - gustar
    - histórica
    - histórico
    - infante
    - irse
    - mucha
    - mucho
    - padre
    - parecerse
    - poder
    - soler
    - telefonear
    - toda
    - todo
    - ver
    - viaje
    - abusar
    - aprovechar
    - aspereza
    - emplear
    - estrenar
    - manejar
    - ocupar
    - someter
    English:
    absent
    - accustom
    - advise
    - apply
    - appreciate
    - averse
    - bed
    - begin
    - delay
    - dread
    - engine driver
    - eventual
    - excuse
    - feel
    - female
    - get
    - go
    - go on
    - hate
    - help out
    - liberty
    - love
    - male-dominated
    - mention
    - mind
    - miss
    - must
    - object
    - off
    - oven
    - overdo
    - possess
    - print
    - quite
    - ready
    - Scotch
    - shall
    - sparing
    - start
    - still
    - storey
    - study
    - take
    - teach
    - try
    - ultimately
    - unused
    - use
    - walking frame
    - work
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [aparato, herramienta, término] to use;
    ¿sabes usar esta máquina? do you know how to use this machine?;
    una cafetera sin usar an unused coffee pot;
    un método muy usado en literatura a widely used method in literature;
    usar algo como o [m5]de: un cobertizo pequeño que se usa como o [m5] de almacén a small shed which is used as a store;
    de usar y tirar [producto] disposable
    2. [ropa, lentes] to wear;
    no uso maquillaje I don't wear make-up;
    estos guantes están sin usar these gloves haven't been worn;
    siempre uso la talla 40 I always wear size 40
    3. Am [persona] to use;
    cuídate de ella, suele usar a la gente que se deja watch out with her, she tends to use people if they let her
    ♦ vi
    usar de to use, to make use of;
    quien siempre usa de la verdad whoever abides by the truth
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 use
    2 ropa, gafas wear
    II v/i
    :
    listo para usar ready to use
    * * *
    usar vt
    1) emplear, utilizar: to use, to make use of
    2) consumir: to consume, to use (up)
    3) llevar: to wear
    4)
    de usar y tirar : disposable
    * * *
    usar vb
    1. (emplear) to use
    2. (llevar) to wear [pt. wore; pp. worn]

    Spanish-English dictionary > usar

  • 12 vulgar

    adj.
    1 vulgar (no refinado).
    2 ordinary, common.
    3 non-technical, lay.
    4 gross, tacky, cheaply vulgar, crass.
    f. & m.
    vulgar person, rough person, coarse person, coarse individual.
    * * *
    1 (grosero) vulgar, coarse, common
    2 (general) common, general
    3 (banal) banal, ordinary; (idea) commonplace
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=no refinado) [lengua, gusto, vestido] vulgar; [modales, rasgos] coarse
    2) (=común, corriente) [persona, físico] ordinary, common; [suceso, vida] ordinary, everyday

    el hombre vulgar — the ordinary man, the common man

    3) (=no técnico) common

    "glóbulo blanco" es el nombre vulgar del leucocito — "white blood cell" is the common name for leucocyte

    * * *
    a) (corriente, común) common
    b) ( poco refinado) vulgar, coarse
    c) ( no técnico) common, popular
    * * *
    = vulgar, uncouth, boorish, tasteless, crass [crasser -comp., crassest -sup.].
    Ex. This paper is a somewhat whimsical glance backwards, recalling 6 vulgar American parodies of 7 enduring songs.
    Ex. All the writers chosen characterized eastern Europe throughout the 18th century as uncouth and backward.
    Ex. He says he dislikes Rose way more because she is a big mouth, intolerant, boorish, know-it-all and always talking about her gay life.
    Ex. Of the hundreds of figurines currently on the market, here are the most bizarrely tasteless.
    Ex. In these new book, he is still at bay, pursued by the hounds of desire and anxiety in a literary world ever more crass.
    ----
    * latín vulgar = Vulgar Latin.
    * lenguaje vulgar = adult language, vulgar language.
    * * *
    a) (corriente, común) common
    b) ( poco refinado) vulgar, coarse
    c) ( no técnico) common, popular
    * * *
    = vulgar, uncouth, boorish, tasteless, crass [crasser -comp., crassest -sup.].

    Ex: This paper is a somewhat whimsical glance backwards, recalling 6 vulgar American parodies of 7 enduring songs.

    Ex: All the writers chosen characterized eastern Europe throughout the 18th century as uncouth and backward.
    Ex: He says he dislikes Rose way more because she is a big mouth, intolerant, boorish, know-it-all and always talking about her gay life.
    Ex: Of the hundreds of figurines currently on the market, here are the most bizarrely tasteless.
    Ex: In these new book, he is still at bay, pursued by the hounds of desire and anxiety in a literary world ever more crass.
    * latín vulgar = Vulgar Latin.
    * lenguaje vulgar = adult language, vulgar language.

    * * *
    1 (corriente, común) common
    no es más que un vulgar resfrío it's just a common cold
    se las da de ejecutivo pero tiene un empleíto vulgar y corriente he makes out that he's some sort of executive but in fact he just has an ordinary o a run-of-the-mill job
    2 (poco refinado) vulgar, coarse, common ( pej)
    3 (no técnico) common, popular
    ¿cuál es el nombre vulgar de esta planta? what's the common o popular name for this plant?
    * * *

     

    vulgar adjetivo
    a) (corriente, común) common;




    vulgar adjetivo
    1 (corriente, común) common
    2 (falto de elegancia) vulgar
    ' vulgar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acojonante
    - arrabalera
    - arrabalero
    - basta
    - basto
    - bola
    - boluda
    - boludo
    - bombo
    - cabrón
    - cabrona
    - cabronada
    - cacha
    - cagar
    - cagalera
    - cagarse
    - calentar
    - calenturienta
    - calenturiento
    - caliente
    - coger
    - cojón
    - cojonuda
    - cojonudo
    - coñazo
    - concha
    - coño
    - correrse
    - despelotarse
    - despelote
    - escoñarse
    - escupitajo
    - follar
    - hembra
    - hijo
    - hortera
    - hostia
    - huevo
    - huevón
    - huevona
    - joder
    - joderse
    - jodida
    - jodido
    - leche
    - lote
    - magrear
    - mano
    - mear
    - mierda
    English:
    arse
    - ass
    - ball
    - bitch
    - bloody
    - bollocks
    - bonk
    - bugger
    - bullshit
    - clap
    - common
    - cunt
    - dork
    - fanny
    - fart
    - fuck
    - fucking
    - gob
    - hell
    - lay
    - prick
    - screw
    - shit
    - slag
    - smart arse
    - smart ass
    - smartarse
    - sod
    - son
    - stick
    - stuff
    - tit
    - toss
    - vulgar
    - wank
    - wanker
    - cheap
    - crude
    - garden
    - indelicate
    - rude
    * * *
    vulgar adj
    1. [no refinado] vulgar, common
    2. [corriente, común] ordinary, common;
    vulgar y corriente common or garden
    3. [lenguaje] vernacular, vulgar;
    el latín vulgar vulgar Latin
    4. [no técnico] non-technical, lay;
    sólo conozco el nombre vulgar de estas plantas I only know the common name of these plants
    * * *
    adj vulgar, common; abundante common
    * * *
    vulgar adj
    1) : common
    2) : vulgar
    * * *
    vulgar adj (ordinario) vulgar / rude

    Spanish-English dictionary > vulgar

  • 13 escaso

    adj.
    scarce, bare, scrimpy, poor.
    * * *
    1 (insuficiente) scarce, scant, very little, small
    2 (recursos) slender; (dinero) tight; (público) small; (lluvias, salario) low; (tiempo) very little
    4 (que le falta poco) hardly, scarcely, barely
    5 (mezquino) miserly, mean
    \
    andar escaso,-a de algo to be short of something
    * * *
    (f. - escasa)
    adj.
    scarce, scant
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=limitado)
    2)
    3) (=muy justo)

    duró una hora escasa — it lasted barely o scarcely an hour

    4) †† (=tacaño) mean, stingy
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) < recursos económicos> limited, scant; < posibilidades> slim, slender; < visibilidad> poor; <conocimientos/experiencia> limited
    b) (en expresiones de medida, peso)

    pesa un kilo escaso — it weighs barely o scarcely a kilo

    a escasos tres días/dos meses — (AmL) barely three days/two months away

    c) [estar] ( falto)

    escaso de algo — de dinero/tiempo short of something

    * * *
    = light [lighter -comp., lightest -sup.], low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], meagre [meager, -USA], poor [poorer -comp., poorest -sup.], scant, scarce [scarcer -comp., scarcest -sup.], slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], slim [slimmer -comp., slimmest -sup.], scanty [scantier -comp., scantiest -sup.], sparse, little in the way of, thin [thinner -comp., thinnest -sup.], skimpy [skimpier -comp., skimpiest -sup.].
    Ex. Light use of library information resources raises the concern that students are developing an inadequate base of retrieval skills for finding information on new procedures, diseases and drugs.
    Ex. Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex. Soon, however, the collection outgrew its meagre quarters and a full-fledged library occupying a 40x60 foot area came into being.
    Ex. Examples are generally poor or obscure (often in Latin or German).
    Ex. Scant attention is paid to evaluation and the needs of users.
    Ex. If staff time and expertise for initial evolution of the thesaurus are scarce, the system can usually function with a less thoroughly refined thesaurus.
    Ex. The ISBD(CP)'s recommendations are very similar in principle to those for AACR2's 'in' analytics, except for slight changes in punctuation and order.
    Ex. Abstracting journals vary enormously in scope ranging from vast publications covering an entire discipline, to slim volumes centred on a relatively narrow topic.
    Ex. However, in producing a bulletin one is often torn between including the scanty, undigested and possibly inaccurate details of a new proposal and holding fire until fuller information is available, and thereby missing a publication deadline.
    Ex. The popular libraries in Lima are sparse and lack the technology and the cultural and information instruments popular in Italy.
    Ex. Without any significant restructuring, the LIS programme in Iran will provide little in the way of riding out the rapid transition that the field is currently experiencing.
    Ex. Although it may be a bit thin in its use of standard academic sources of information, it is exceedingly strong on insider information and personal interviews.
    Ex. Often times new graduate job-seekers produce skimpy resumes because they fail to include all of their relevant experience.
    ----
    * andar escaso de = be short of.
    * andar escaso de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar (muy) escaso de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) escaso de tiempo = be (hard) pressed for + time.
    * con medios muy escasos = on a shoestring (budget).
    * escasa comunicación = poor communication.
    * escasa probabilidad = slim chance.
    * escaso de dinero = cash strapped, financially strapped, short of money, strapped.
    * escaso de ideas = short of ideas.
    * escaso de tiempo = time-strapped, short of time.
    * evidencia + ser + escasa = evidence + be + slight.
    * hacerse escaso = become + scarce.
    * ser escaso = be few and far between.
    * ser muy escaso = be at a premium.
    * ya de por sí escaso = already-scarce.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) < recursos económicos> limited, scant; < posibilidades> slim, slender; < visibilidad> poor; <conocimientos/experiencia> limited
    b) (en expresiones de medida, peso)

    pesa un kilo escaso — it weighs barely o scarcely a kilo

    a escasos tres días/dos meses — (AmL) barely three days/two months away

    c) [estar] ( falto)

    escaso de algo — de dinero/tiempo short of something

    * * *
    = light [lighter -comp., lightest -sup.], low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], meagre [meager, -USA], poor [poorer -comp., poorest -sup.], scant, scarce [scarcer -comp., scarcest -sup.], slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], slim [slimmer -comp., slimmest -sup.], scanty [scantier -comp., scantiest -sup.], sparse, little in the way of, thin [thinner -comp., thinnest -sup.], skimpy [skimpier -comp., skimpiest -sup.].

    Ex: Light use of library information resources raises the concern that students are developing an inadequate base of retrieval skills for finding information on new procedures, diseases and drugs.

    Ex: Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex: Soon, however, the collection outgrew its meagre quarters and a full-fledged library occupying a 40x60 foot area came into being.
    Ex: Examples are generally poor or obscure (often in Latin or German).
    Ex: Scant attention is paid to evaluation and the needs of users.
    Ex: If staff time and expertise for initial evolution of the thesaurus are scarce, the system can usually function with a less thoroughly refined thesaurus.
    Ex: The ISBD(CP)'s recommendations are very similar in principle to those for AACR2's 'in' analytics, except for slight changes in punctuation and order.
    Ex: Abstracting journals vary enormously in scope ranging from vast publications covering an entire discipline, to slim volumes centred on a relatively narrow topic.
    Ex: However, in producing a bulletin one is often torn between including the scanty, undigested and possibly inaccurate details of a new proposal and holding fire until fuller information is available, and thereby missing a publication deadline.
    Ex: The popular libraries in Lima are sparse and lack the technology and the cultural and information instruments popular in Italy.
    Ex: Without any significant restructuring, the LIS programme in Iran will provide little in the way of riding out the rapid transition that the field is currently experiencing.
    Ex: Although it may be a bit thin in its use of standard academic sources of information, it is exceedingly strong on insider information and personal interviews.
    Ex: Often times new graduate job-seekers produce skimpy resumes because they fail to include all of their relevant experience.
    * andar escaso de = be short of.
    * andar escaso de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar (muy) escaso de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) escaso de tiempo = be (hard) pressed for + time.
    * con medios muy escasos = on a shoestring (budget).
    * escasa comunicación = poor communication.
    * escasa probabilidad = slim chance.
    * escaso de dinero = cash strapped, financially strapped, short of money, strapped.
    * escaso de ideas = short of ideas.
    * escaso de tiempo = time-strapped, short of time.
    * evidencia + ser + escasa = evidence + be + slight.
    * hacerse escaso = become + scarce.
    * ser escaso = be few and far between.
    * ser muy escaso = be at a premium.
    * ya de por sí escaso = already-scarce.

    * * *
    escaso -sa
    1
    (poco, limitado): un país de escasos recursos económicos a country with limited o scant o slender economic resources
    ante un público escaso in front of a small audience
    escasas posibilidades de éxito slim o slender chances of success, little chance of success
    la visibilidad en la zona del aeropuerto es escasa there is poor o limited visibility around the airport
    la comida resultó escasa there wasn't enough food
    obras de escasa calidad works of mediocre quality
    una persona de escasa inteligencia a person of limited intelligence
    mis conocimientos sobre este tema son escasos my knowledge of this subject is limited
    2
    (en expresiones de medida, peso): falta un mes escaso para que llegue there's barely o scarcely a month to go before it arrives
    está a una distancia de cinco kilómetros escasos it's barely o scarcely five kilometers away
    pesa un kilo escaso it weighs barely o scarcely a kilo
    a escasos tres días/dos meses ( AmL); barely three days/two months away
    se despertó luego de escasas tres horas de sueño ( AmL); she awoke having slept for barely three hours
    3 (falto) escaso DE algo short OF sth
    de momento ando escaso de dinero I'm a little o a bit short of money at the moment, money's a bit scarce o tight at the moment
    andamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    * * *

     

    escaso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo


    ‹ posibilidades› slim, slender;
    ‹ visibilidad› poor;
    ‹conocimientos/experiencia› limited
    b) [estar] ( falto) escaso de algo ‹de dinero/tiempo› short of sth

    escaso,-a adj (alimentos, recursos) scarce, scant
    (dinero, tiempo) short
    (luz) poor
    ♦ Locuciones: andar escaso de, to be short of
    ' escaso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    baja
    - bajo
    - contada
    - contado
    - corta
    - corto
    - delgada
    - delgado
    - escasa
    - mezquina
    - mezquino
    - mínima
    - mínimo
    - pelada
    - pelado
    - apurado
    - dinero
    - pobre
    English:
    low
    - marginal seat
    - pressed
    - run
    - scant
    - scanty
    - scarce
    - short
    - slender
    - slim
    - small
    - sparse
    - meager
    - narrow
    - poor
    - skimpy
    - slight
    - under
    * * *
    escaso, -a adj
    1. [insuficiente] [conocimientos, recursos, medios] limited, scant;
    [víveres, trabajo] scarce; [cantidad, número, temperaturas] low; [visibilidad, luz] poor, low;
    escaso público se dio cita para ver el partido a poor crowd turned out to see the match;
    sus posibilidades son más bien escasas her chances are rather slim;
    vino tanta gente que la comida se quedó escasa so many people came that there wasn't enough food;
    joyas de escaso valor jewellery of scant o little value;
    la obra tuvo escaso éxito the play had little success;
    debido al escaso tiempo con el que contaban due to the little time they had, since time was short
    2. [falto]
    andar o [m5] estar escaso de to be short of;
    ando escaso de dinero I don't have much money;
    el hotel está escaso de personal the hotel is short-staffed;
    la comida está un poco escasa de sal the food is in need of a bit more salt
    3. [casi completo]
    un metro escaso barely a metre;
    dura dos horas escasas it lasts barely two hours;
    a un mes escaso de las elecciones with barely a month to go to the elections;
    pesó dos kilos escasos al nacer she weighed barely two kilos at birth
    * * *
    adj
    1 recursos limited;
    escasas posibilidades de not much chance of, little chance of
    2
    :
    andar escaso de algo falto be short of sth
    3 ( justo)
    :
    falta un mes escaso it’s barely a month away;
    un kilo escaso a scant kilo, barely a kilo
    * * *
    escaso, -sa adj
    1) : scarce, scant
    2)
    escaso de : short of
    * * *
    escaso adj
    4. (apenas) just under / barely
    andar/estar escaso de tiempo/dinero to be short of time/money

    Spanish-English dictionary > escaso

  • 14 andar pisando fuerte

    (v.) = go from + strength to strength, make + a big impact
    Ex. This was achieved with great success, and the scheme goes from strength to strength.
    Ex. The fiction genre is currently making a big impact on the US publishing scene and is increasingly popular in public libraries.
    * * *
    (v.) = go from + strength to strength, make + a big impact

    Ex: This was achieved with great success, and the scheme goes from strength to strength.

    Ex: The fiction genre is currently making a big impact on the US publishing scene and is increasingly popular in public libraries.

    Spanish-English dictionary > andar pisando fuerte

  • 15 de mal gusto

    in bad taste
    * * *
    (adj.) = in bad taste, tawdry [tawdrier -comp., tawdriest -sup.], distasteful, unbecoming, tasteless, tacky [tackier -comp., tackiest -sup.], naff, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.]
    Ex. The author defends popular culture as a legitimate and important library resource, conceding that much of its is in bad taste.
    Ex. This article looks at 'fairness' in the book trade today, and some of the tawdry tricks indulged in by publishers, agents and authors at each other's expense.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. An analysis of their usage by readers of both sexes revealed some unbecoming sexist attitudes and some ungentlemanlike behaviour.
    Ex. Of the hundreds of figurines currently on the market, here are the most bizarrely tasteless.
    Ex. There was nothing tacky about the invitation, other that the request that gifts be in the form of cash, of course.
    Ex. Elton then started to metamorphose from 'sensitive guy' singer into someone famous for wearing naff sunglasses and dressing up as a duck.
    Ex. Wilensky has argued that 'the good, the mediocre and the trashy are becoming fused in one massive middle mush' and that 'intellectuals are increasingly tempted to play to mass audiences'.
    * * *
    (adj.) = in bad taste, tawdry [tawdrier -comp., tawdriest -sup.], distasteful, unbecoming, tasteless, tacky [tackier -comp., tackiest -sup.], naff, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.]

    Ex: The author defends popular culture as a legitimate and important library resource, conceding that much of its is in bad taste.

    Ex: This article looks at 'fairness' in the book trade today, and some of the tawdry tricks indulged in by publishers, agents and authors at each other's expense.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: An analysis of their usage by readers of both sexes revealed some unbecoming sexist attitudes and some ungentlemanlike behaviour.
    Ex: Of the hundreds of figurines currently on the market, here are the most bizarrely tasteless.
    Ex: There was nothing tacky about the invitation, other that the request that gifts be in the form of cash, of course.
    Ex: Elton then started to metamorphose from 'sensitive guy' singer into someone famous for wearing naff sunglasses and dressing up as a duck.
    Ex: Wilensky has argued that 'the good, the mediocre and the trashy are becoming fused in one massive middle mush' and that 'intellectuals are increasingly tempted to play to mass audiences'.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de mal gusto

  • 16 pisar fuerte

    figurado to go all out, make a big impact
    * * *
    *to make great strides
    * * *
    (v.) = go from + strength to strength, make + a big impact, stomp
    Ex. This was achieved with great success, and the scheme goes from strength to strength.
    Ex. The fiction genre is currently making a big impact on the US publishing scene and is increasingly popular in public libraries.
    Ex. The patient may experience an annoying feeling that can be relieved by shifting the positions of the legs or by stomping the feet on the floor.
    * * *
    (v.) = go from + strength to strength, make + a big impact, stomp

    Ex: This was achieved with great success, and the scheme goes from strength to strength.

    Ex: The fiction genre is currently making a big impact on the US publishing scene and is increasingly popular in public libraries.
    Ex: The patient may experience an annoying feeling that can be relieved by shifting the positions of the legs or by stomping the feet on the floor.

    Spanish-English dictionary > pisar fuerte

  • 17 tomar forma

    v.
    to take shape, to get formed, to become a reality, to be formed.
    La idea se formó The idea took shape.
    * * *
    to take shape
    * * *
    (v.) = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up
    Ex. The process will take form and crystallize into a framework as we learn more.
    Ex. We shall, therefore, attempt to illustrate by examples the subject that is currently taking shape under the umbrella term of 'information technology'.
    Ex. In the nineteenth century, with developments in the book trade and education, popular literature assumed a greater number of different physical forms.
    Ex. A major war may be shaping up over videotex advertising between cable television operators and the telephone companies.
    * * *
    (v.) = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up

    Ex: The process will take form and crystallize into a framework as we learn more.

    Ex: We shall, therefore, attempt to illustrate by examples the subject that is currently taking shape under the umbrella term of 'information technology'.
    Ex: In the nineteenth century, with developments in the book trade and education, popular literature assumed a greater number of different physical forms.
    Ex: A major war may be shaping up over videotex advertising between cable television operators and the telephone companies.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tomar forma

  • 18 Kurs

    1. Kurs <-es, -e> [kʊrs, pl ʼkʊrzə] m
    1) luft, naut ( Richtung) course;
    jdn/etw vom \Kurs abbringen to put sb/sth off course;
    der Sturm hat uns um drei Grad vom \Kurs abgebracht the storm has put us off course by three degrees;
    vom \Kurs abkommen to deviate from one's/its course;
    den/seinen \Kurs beibehalten [o halten] to maintain [one's] course;
    auf bestimmten \Kurs gehen to set a certain course;
    wenn wir auf südsüdöstlichen \Kurs gehen, müssten wir die Insel in drei Tagen erreichen if we set a south-south-easterly course we should reach the island in three days;
    \Kurs auf etw haben akk to be heading for sth;
    \Kurs auf etw nehmen akk to set course for sth;
    einen [bestimmten] \Kurs steuern to steer a certain course;
    es war nicht mehr feststellbar, welchen \Kurs das Schiff steuerte it was no longer possible to determine which course the ship was steering;
    den \Kurs wechseln to change course
    2) ( Zielsetzung) course;
    jdn vom \Kurs abbringen to throw sb off course;
    den/seinen \Kurs beibehalten to maintain [one's] course;
    jdn auf \Kurs bringen to bring sb into line;
    ihre Kollegen werden sie schon auf \Kurs bringen their colleagues will bring them into line;
    einen bestimmten \Kurs einschlagen to take a certain course; ( politische Linie) policy, course;
    harter/weicher \Kurs hard/soft line
    3) ( Wechselkurs) exchange rate;
    der \Kurs Dollar zu Euro steht im Moment bei eins zu 1,75 the exchange rate between the dollar and the euro is currently 1.75;
    zu einem bestimmten \Kurs at a certain rate;
    Schwarzhändler tauschen dir den Euro zu einem günstigen \Kurs you'll get a favourable rate for your euros on the black market;
    etw außer \Kurs setzen to take sth out of circulation;
    Zahlungsmittel, die außer \Kurs gesetzt wurden, sind nicht länger gültig currency taken out of circulation is no longer valid
    4) börse ( Marktpreis) price;
    die Maßnahmen der Bundesbank haben die \Kurse einiger Aktien gestärkt measures taken by the Bundesbank have strengthened the price of some shares;
    hoch im \Kurs [bei jdm] stehen (a. fig) to be very popular [with sb] (a. fig), to be at a high rate;
    antike Vasen stehen derzeit hoch im \Kurs antique vases are currently very popular;
    im \Kurs fallen to fall [or drop] in price;
    die Aktien der Schlüter AG sind letztens etwas im \Kurs gefallen Schlüter AG shares have fallen somewhat recently
    2. Kurs <-es, -e> [kʊrs, pl ʼkʊrzə] m
    ( Lehrgang) course, class;
    einen \Kurs [in etw dat] besuchen to attend a course [in sth]

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Kurs

  • 19 в настоящее время

    •

    As of now, these molecules have been identified.

    •

    At the moment it is not clear how these standards might be arrived at.

    •

    This kind of switch is currently (or presently) constructed of silicon.

    •

    At present (or At the present time, or Nowadays) there is a strong trend towards...

    •

    The now popular electronic calculators...

    * * *
    В настоящее время -- presently, at present, at the present time, at this time, for the time being, currently, as of now, nowadays, now, today, at the moment; in progress
     A new 50-ton straddle carrier is presently under development.
     At present, the complete analysis of force measurements may not be feasible on a routine basis.
     Even so, for the time being, 0.05 ppm seems to be the most realistic figure to take for shore trials purposes.
     As of now, the odds are against it because it would make the deficit larger.
     Nowadays, commercial practice is to define case depth as the thickness of surface which is in excess of 550 HV.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в настоящее время

  • 20 в настоящее время

    •

    As of now, these molecules have been identified.

    •

    At the moment it is not clear how these standards might be arrived at.

    •

    This kind of switch is currently (or presently) constructed of silicon.

    •

    At present (or At the present time, or Nowadays) there is a strong trend towards...

    •

    The now popular electronic calculators...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в настоящее время

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